![]() Most of the space missions sent by the Russian Federation failed due to loss of communication en route. ![]() Some of the spacecrafts that the United States have placed in space include Pioneer 4 on a lunar mission in 1959 and Mariner 2 in 1962 to Venus. The European Space Agency, which includes 22 nations, also has objects in heliocentric orbit. These countries are the United States, the Russian Federation, Japan, and China. Some first world countries have satellites in heliocentric orbits for various purposes such as exploration of the moon, sun, and other planets. Other orbits under this classification are the jovicentric, aphrodiocentric, and kronocentric, which are orbits around the planets Jupiter, Venus, and Saturn respectively. The moons and artificial satellites of the planet Mars follow the areocentric orbit, while objects revolving around the Earth’s moon follow the lunar orbit. Geocentric orbit is a revolution around the earth that the moon and artificial satellites follow. Galactocentric orbit is one that revolves around the center of a galaxy, such as the sun in the Milky Way. Orbits under centric classifications include heliocentric, galactocentric, lunar, and geocentric orbits. Other astronomers including William Herschel and Friedrich Bessel made observations that the sun was not at the center of the universe, but close to the Solar System’s barycenter. Galileo Galilei supported the model with observations from a telescope. Copernicus’s publication began the re-establishment of the heliocentric system. In the 16 th century, Nicolaus Copernicus presented a geometric mathematical model showing the heliocentric system, a move that led to the Copernican Revolution. Aristarchus of Samos proposed this notion around the 3 rd century BCE but received less attention since there were no explanations on why the position of the stars did not change although the Earth moved around the sun. The heliocentric system is a model that shows the Earth and other planets revolving around the sun. Over the course of history, some countries have placed artificial objects in heliocentric orbits in space. The helio-prefix comes from a Greek word meaning “sun” and also from a personification of the sun found in Greek mythology, called Helios. However, the moons of planets within the solar system do not follow heliocentric orbits because they orbit their planets. In the solar system, all the planets, comets, and asteroids follow a heliocentric orbit, meaning they move around the sun. Such an orbit is under the centric classifications of gravitationally curved trajectories. This center of mass is usually very near the sun’s surface or within it. A heliocentric orbit is an orbit circulating the barycenter of the solar system.
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